FRED (A Framework for Reconstructing Epidemiological Dynamics) is an agent-based modeling system for exploring the spatial and temporal patterns of epidemics. In this application for the State of Florida, we used actual school vaccination data to realistically represent the infection risks by individual school. The model demonstrates the outcomes if a single student with measles attends school in a given county or metropolitan area. We also show how the number would change if the vaccination rate in all schools decreased by 10%.
It is important to note that we are showing the upper number of measles cases that could plausibly be expected to occur (occurring approximately 1 out of every 20 outbreaks) and we are not including the effect of any public health interventions that may occur after an outbreak starts (such as mass vaccination programs or increased isolation rates).It is important to note that we are showing the upper number of measles cases that could plausibly be expected to occur (occurring approximately 1 out of every 20 outbreaks) and we are not including the effect of any public health interventions that may occur after an outbreak starts (such as mass vaccination programs or increased isolation rates).
The number of cases among bystanders is provided. Infections amongst students for whom a vaccine has been refused are termed `refusal' cases; bystanders cases are infections among the rest of the population, including those for whom the vaccination failed (3% of people do not gain immunity after vaccination), those who are ineligible for vaccination due to medical conditions, and unvaccinated adults.The number of cases among bystanders is provided. Infections amongst students for whom a vaccine has been refused are termed `refusal' cases; bystanders cases are infections among the rest of the population, including those for whom the vaccination failed (3% of people do not gain immunity after vaccination), those who are ineligible for vaccination due to medical conditions, and unvaccinated adults.
We use the average vaccination rate of seventh graders in each county. Vaccination rates for public and private schools are calculated separately. We assume all students are vaccinated, except those with medical (including temporary) and religious exemptions.
Florida school vaccination coverage levels data retrieved from the Florida Department of Health, in collaboration with Dr Karen Liller, University of South Florida.